It has been interpreted as a depiction of the hand-mirror of the goddess, which may also explain Venus's association with the planetary metal copper, as mirrors in antiquity were made of polished copper (alloy), The Venus symbol, ♀, consists of a circle with a small cross below it. Venus Crosshatched copper symbol for Venus Its Unicode codepoint is U+263F ☿ MERCURY. It was also once the designated symbol for hermaphroditic or 'perfect' flowers, but botanists now use ⚥ for these instead. Ī related usage is for the 'worker' or 'neuter' sex among social insects that is neither male nor (due to its lack of reproductive capacity) fully female, such as for example worker bees. The ☿ symbol has also been used to indicate intersex, transgender, or non-binary gender. The modern forms of the classical planetary symbols are found in a woodcut of the seven planets in a Latin translation of Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi's De Magnis Coniunctionibus printed at Venice in 1506, represented as the corresponding gods riding chariots. According to Maunder, the addition of crosses appears to be "an attempt to give a savour of Christianity to the symbols of the old pagan gods." These cross-marks first appear in the late 15th or early 16th century. Ī diagram in the astronomical compendium by Johannes Kamateros (12th century) closely resembles the 11th-century forms shown above, with the Sun represented by a circle with a single ray, Jupiter by the letter zeta (the initial of Zeus, Jupiter's counterpart in Greek mythology), Mars by a round shield in front of a diagonal spear, and the remaining classical planets by symbols resembling the modern ones, though without the crosshatch-marks seen in modern versions of Mercury, Venus, Jupiter and Saturn. The symbol for Saturn in late Classical (4th & 5th c.) and medieval Byzantine (11th c.) mss. The symbols of Venus and Mars are also used to represent female and male in biology following a convention introduced by Carl Linnaeus in the 1750s. The modern planets with their traditional symbols and IAU abbreviations are: The International Astronomical Union (IAU) discourages the use of these symbols in modern journal articles, and their style manual proposes one- and two-letter abbreviations for the names of the planets for cases where planetary symbols might be used, such as in the headings of tables. The classical planets, their symbols, days and most commonly associated planetary metals are: The use of these symbols derives from classical Greco-Roman astronomy, although their current altered shapes were developed in the 16th century. The symbols were also used in alchemy to represent the metals associated with the planets, and in calendars for their associated days. Graphical symbols used in astrology and astronomyĪ planet symbol or planetary symbol is a graphical symbol used in astrology and astronomy to represent a classical planet (including the Sun and the Moon) or one of the modern planets.
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